tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21380422101497750342024-02-20T13:02:55.206-08:00Cal's Corner Grad Student with a passion for History, true crime and outdoors. This is my corner of the internet to explore and share them all. Calhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13606217989328231764noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2138042210149775034.post-84913327104515316902015-09-29T11:00:00.001-07:002015-09-29T11:10:40.469-07:00 Jeb Stuart at Gettysburg<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> When the dust settled after three long
days of fighting in the small sleepy town of Gettysburg, PA, the town had
changed. It was not a town known to many, but it would be on the map now and
shortly after the battle ended tourists and souvenir hunters showed up. The
major battle at Gettysburg was the turning point for the Northern Army in the
War Between the States and from this point on, the war seemed to go mostly in
the favor of the North. While the three day Battle at Gettysburg has been
examined by hundreds of historians, most of what happened during the battle is
agreed upon. However there is one major point that historians seem to be torn
on; <b><i>Did
Robert E. Lee order Jeb Stuart to make a rear attack at Gettysburg? </i></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Before getting into that debate we must first
have an understanding of what led to the plan of attack on the third day of battle. In
order for this to happen, the first two days of battle must be discussed. So
this research has led to the opening of the battle that started July 1, 1863.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The great battle began on the
morning of July 1, 1863 just to the northwest of town. Union General John Buford’s
cavalry division opened fire on the approaching Confederate Army that attacked
from the west. Confederate infantry units under General A.P. Hill’s III Corps
marched East down the Chambersburg Pike toward the awaiting Union Cavalry. The
advancing Confederate Army outnumbered the single cavalry division that stood
in their way. General Buford knew he could not hold long and “arrangements were
made for entertaining him until General Reynolds could reach the scene.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> General Buford had the advantage of
position while the Confederates had higher numbers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">of
soldiers. Buford’s men dismounted, dug in and fought with their new repeating
rifles that helped make up for the lack of soldiers. Buford had to hold his
position for as long as he could until Major General John Reynolds arrived with
his First Corp. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> General Buford’s dismounted troopers
were able to push the attacking Confederates back a bit,
but they eventually had to cross a wide shallow creek known as Willoughby Run
and took position on McPherson’s Ridge. The dismounted troopers fired their
carbines as quickly as they could at the advancing Confederate division led by
General John Archer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Around 8:30 A.M. General Reynolds
and his staff arrived in Gettysburg and rode to General Buford and watched as the
battle unfolded. The two Union Generals spoke and made plans for their attack.
“The First Brigade maintained this unequal contest until the leading division
of General Reynolds' corps came up to its assistance, and then most reluctantly
did it give up the front”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> wrote General Buford on
August 27, 1863. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Reynolds sent for Major General O.O.
Howard and his Eleventh Corps to pick up the pace and the same message went to
Major General Dan Sickles, who led the Union’s Third Corps. Reynolds left
Buford to see where his nearest division was located. It was not far, only a
short distance coming up the Emmitsburg Road led by General Wadsworth. Reynolds
led Wadsworth and his division across fields over Seminary Ridge, down the
Chambersburg Pike to where the fighting was still hot on McPherson’s Ridge. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> As General Reynolds approached a
patch of woods that today bears his name on McPherson’s Ridge, he turned his
horse with his back to the woods, directing the arriving <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">infantry
division where to go when a bullet smashed through the back of his head.
Killing him instantly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">General Buford wrote in his battle report dated
August 27, 1863 that “After the fall of General Reynolds, whose advance troops
partially drove back the enemy and made heavy captures of prisoners, the enemy
brought up fresh troops, and engaged General Doubleday's command, which fought
bravely, but was greatly outnumbered and forced to fall back. Seeing our troops
retiring, and their need of assistance, I immediately rushed Gamble's brigade
to Doubleday's left, and dismounted it in time to render great assistance to
our infantry, and to check and break the enemy's line. My troops at this place
had partial shelter behind a low stone fence, and were in short carbine range.
Their fire was perfectly terrific, causing the enemy to break and rally on
their second line, which made no farther advance toward my position.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The fierce fighting continued throughout
the day with the Union Army taking on heavy causalities. By 2:30 P.M.
Confederate Lt. General Richard Ewell’s Corps became engaged alongside Lt.
General A.P. Hill’s Corp and were able to push the Union defenders through the
town of Gettysburg. By this point both sides became exhausted from the six
hours of fighting, but the Confederate Army continued their push on the Union
troops through the town. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">While the Confederate Army was forcing the
Union soldiers through the town, Major General O.O. Howard, who now assumed
command since Reynolds was killed, “went to the top of a high building in
Gettysburg”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
to view what was happening. General Howard writes in his report of August 31,
1863 that he “came to the conclusion that the only tenable position for my
limited force was the ridge to the southeast of Gettysburg, now so well known
as Cemetery <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ridge.
The highest point at the cemetery commanded every eminence within easy range.
The slopes toward the west and south were gradual, and could be completely
swept by artillery.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><br />
Howard established his headquarters
near the cemetery which was the highest point of elevation and dug in. This was
the best position to be in and would give the Union Army the advantage of
higher ground over the Confederates. A strong defense was needed since most of
the Union Army engaged in fighting was exhausted and fleeing through town. The
Confederates were able to capture the town along with 4,000 Union prisoners. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> General Lee and his commanders had
this day about wrapped up and managed to flank the Union troops more than once
into giving up the ground they fought so hard for. By the time the sun set on
July 1, 1863 the Federal soldiers held the high ground on the southeastern edge
of town. Major General Mead, the new commander of the Union Army, along with
several other generals accompanied by thousands of troops, formed a fishhook
shaped defensive line. The line extended south of Gettysburg, about three miles
in length. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The Union Army now held in their
possession Culp’s Hill, to the right of Cemetery Hill and Cemetery Ridge to the
base of Little Round Top. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> When Confederate Lt. General James
Longstreet arrived near the seminary where the battle first began, he met with
General Lee to discuss their next move. “Longstreet said it would be too
dangerous to attack the Union army in the defensive positions they were
preparing and proposed a sweeping movement to the south and east.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> General Lee however
rejected this plan and wanted to resume attacking in the morning, but
Longstreet protested. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> When the sun rose on the morning of
July 2, soldiers from both armies continued arriving in Gettysburg. General
Ewell renewed his attack on the Union right against the defenders on Cemetery
and Culp’s Hill just as the sun rose. General George Custer was nine miles away
but could hear the roar of the guns. He led his cavalry to the outskirts of
town, around the Rock Creek area. Custer “was told to deploy his troops facing
northeast in such a way as to guard against the Confederate cavalry”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> if they tried to get
behind them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> While the attack on the Union right
continued, Custer and his cavalry never fired a shot and was later ordered to
move north and engage Ewell so pressure could be taken off the Union troops
entrenched on the two hills. As Custer made a loop with his cavalry, he
encountered Confederate Cavalry and a fight broke out. This fight was nothing
compared to what the other soldiers were engaged in, but it kept Custer and his
men busy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Confederate General Ewell kept the
pressure on the Union defenders as well as he could, although no ground was
gained. Meanwhile Lt. General Longstreet had two divisions of his 1<sup>st</sup>
Corp, led by generals Hood and McLaws moved south to attack the Union left. “Hood's
division was moved on farther to our right, and got into position, partially
enveloping the enemy's left.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> During this entire time
Colonel Alexander was ordered by Longstreet open fire on the Union’s left with
high volumes of cannon fire. This was to be done, according to Longstreet so
they could move into place and get ready for the attack. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> “General Lee ordered his reconnoitering
officer to lead the troops of the First Corps and conduct them by a route
concealed from view of the enemy. As I was relieved for the time from <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">the
march, I rode near the middle of the line. General Lee rode with me a mile or
more. General Anderson marched by a route nearer the enemy's line, and was
discovered by General Sickles, who commanded the Third Corps, the left of the
Union line.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> General Sickles, not happy with his
assigned position on Cemetery Ridge advanced his corp forward about half a
mile. This broke the line of defense of the Union Army causing a gap in the
lines. Sickles’ new position was in the Peach Orchard, which was considered “neutral”
ground. To scout the area he sent out a group of sharpshooters to see what
could be found in a wooded arear to the west of Cemetery Hill. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Sickles sharpshooters encountered
members of Longstreet’s Corp and a fight broke out. Hood’s Division continued
to press forward, causing the Union defenders of the Third Corp to retreat east
back toward a small rocky hill called Little Round Top. The attacking
Confederates pushed on through the Rose Woods and after suffering heavy casualties
were finely able to dislodge Union forces from a pile of large boulders known
as Devil’s Den. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> “General Hood received a severe
wound soon after getting under fire, and was obliged to leave the field. This
misfortune occasioned some delay in our operations. In the same attack, General
McLaws lost two of his brigadiers (General Barksdale mortally wounded, and
General Semmes severely wounded, and since died of his wounds). The command was
finally so disposed as to hold the ground gained on the right, with my left
withdrawn to the first position of the enemy, resting at the peach orchard.
During the combat of this day, four pieces of artillery were captured and
secured by the command.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> On Little Round Top Union General
Warren stood by watching the Confederates pushing past his troops. Warren
seeing the need to get troops on top of the hill to defend against the coming
attack, “he called for troops to occupy it. The Fifth Corps (Sykes's) was
hurried to him, and General Hancock sent him Caldwell's division of the Second
Corps.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> General Sykes sent
Colonel Vincent’s brigade, from his division and took control of Little Round
Top under the direction of General Warren.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Around 4 p.m. the Confederate
cannonade became more intense as Colonel Vincent gave orders to Colonel
Chamberlain to anchor the Union left. With Chamberlain still getting his men in
place, the cannon fire from the Confederates lightened a little, but was replaced
by a heavy wave of infantry. The fighting, according to Colonel Chamberlain was
“at close quarters.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> More Confederate infantry was
arriving to the south of Little Round Top, which was to the front of where
Chamberlain had his 20<sup>th</sup> Maine troops entrenched. “In the midst of
this, an officer from my center informed me that some important movement of the
enemy was going on in his front, beyond that of the line with which we were
engaged. Mounting a large rock, I was able to see a considerable body of the
enemy moving by the flank in rear of their line engaged, and passing from the
direction of the foot of Great Round Top through the valley toward the front of
my left.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The attacking Confederate’s
continued the heavy assault and in order to keep a strong defense, Chamberlain
shifted his line to the left. The line shift happened under intense fire, but
the officers and soldiers of the 20<sup>th</sup> Maine understood what needed
to be done. “The enemy's </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">flanking
column having gained their desired direction, burst upon my left, where they
evidently had expected an unguarded flank, with great demonstration.”</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[14]</span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The 20<sup>th</sup> Maine opened a
hot defensive fire on the attacking Confederates to the point where they had to
retreat and regroup. “They renewed the assault on our whole front, and for an
hour the fighting was severe. Squads of the enemy broke through our line in
several places, and the fight was literally hand to hand. The edge of the fight
rolled backward and forward like a wave. The dead and wounded were now in our
front and then in our rear. Forced from our position, we desperately recovered
it, and pushed the enemy down to the foot of the slope. The intervals of the
struggle were seized to remove our wounded (and those of the enemy also), to
gather ammunition from the cartridge-boxes of disabled friend or foe on the
field, and even to secure better muskets than the Enfields, which we found did
not stand service well. Rude shelters were thrown up of the loose rocks that
covered the ground.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> A final push came from the
Confederate’s and the Union’s loss was severe. Half of Chamberlain’s men had
fallen and a third of his regiment laid behind their lines, dead or wounded.
While the defending Union troops braced for another attack, the 20<sup>th</sup>
Maine’s ammunition was about exhausted. Chamberlain remembered his men were getting
ready to use their muskets as clubs if need be. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> “It was imperative to strike before
we were struck” wrote Chamberlain, “by this overwhelming force in a
hand-to-hand fight, which we could not probably have withstood or survived. At
that crisis, I ordered the bayonet. The word was enough. It ran like fire along
the line, from man to man, and rose into a shout, with which they sprang
forward upon the enemy, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">now
not 30 yards away. The effect was surprising; many of the enemy's first line
threw down their arms and surrendered. An officer fired his pistol at my head
with one hand, while he handed me his sword with the other. Holding fast by our
right, and swinging forward our left, we made an extended "right
wheel," before which the enemy's second line broke and fell back, fighting
from tree to tree, many being captured, until we had swept the valley and
cleared the front of nearly our entire brigade.”</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[16]</span></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Over four hundred Confederate
prisoners were taken and the Union army had total control of Little Round Top.
The retreating Confederates left the area but took up a position in the area of
Devil’s Den. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The blood flowed heavy from both
sides and while Longstreet’s Corp was involved in the attack on the Union’s
left, Major General Jeb Stuart had already arrived in Gettysburg and was
meeting with General Robert E. Lee. “No record of the exchange between them is
known to exist.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
According to Douglas Southall Freeman, in his book <i>Lee’s Lieutenants</i> he writes “the tradition is that Lee said, ‘well,
General Stuart, you are here at last.’”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> It is unknown for sure if even the
above words were spoken between Lee and Stuart. In Lee’s official report on the
Gettysburg Campaign dated July 31, 1863 he made no mention of saying anything
to Stuart or even, for that matter being upset about Stuart’s absence. Lee
wrote “During the afternoon, intelligence was received of the arrival of
General Stuart at Carlisle, and he was ordered to march to Gettysburg and take
position on our left.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> General Stuart makes no mention at
all of any meeting between Lee and himself. In fact<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">the
only mention of Lee Stuart makes prior to July 3, was in a dispatch he received
from Lee informing him of the fight in Gettysburg. Stuart rode to Gettysburg
and his “advance reached Gettysburg July 2, just in time to thwart a move of
the enemy's cavalry upon our rear by way of Hunterstown. After a fierce
engagement, in which Hampton's brigade performed gallant service, a series of
charges compelling the enemy to leave the field and abandon his purpose. I took
my position that day on the York and Heidlersburg roads, on the left wing of
the Army of Northern Virginia.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> As one can see from the above
statement, when taken at face value is when Stuart arrived in Gettysburg, his
cavalry became engaged right away in a short fight. There is no mention of him
meeting with Lee for further instructions. General George Custer confirms, in
his battle report of September 9, 1863 that it was his cavalry that battled
with Stuart on July 2. So if Lee and Stuart did meet face to face to make plans
for an attack the next day, it did not happen on the afternoon of July 2, but
possibly later that night.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> At dawn on the morning of July 3,
the fight at Culp’s Hill was renewed by General Ewell on the Union’s right but
nothing was heard by Lee coming from their left. General Longstreet had not yet
begun his attack as Lee wanted. Instead Longstreet sent out a few scouts to
survey the area and see which direction would be best to attack. Longstreet was
still in favor of moving further south and attack from that direction, which
Lee was strongly against. No matter how much Longstreet protested however, Lee
would not give in. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> “On the following morning our
arrangements were made for renewing the attack by my right, with a view to pass
around the hill occupied by the enemy on his left, and to gain it by flank and
reverse attack. This would have been a slow process, probably, but I think not
very difficult. A few moments after my orders for the execution of this plan
were given, the commanding general joined me, and ordered a column of attack to
be formed of Pickett's, Heth's, and part of Pender's divisions, the assault to
be made directly at the enemy's main position, the Cemetery Hill. The distance
to be passed over under the fire of the enemy's batteries, and in plain view,
seemed too great to insure great results, particularly as two-thirds of the
troops to be engaged in the assault had been in a severe battle two days
previous, Pickett's division alone being fresh.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><br />
“Orders were given to Major-General
Pickett to form his line under the best cover that he could get from the
enemy's batteries, and so that the center of the assaulting column would arrive
at the salient of the enemy's position, General Pickett's line to be the guide
and to attack the line of the enemy's defenses, and General Pettigrew, in
command of Heth's division, moving on the same line as General Pickett, was to
assault the salient at the same moment. Pickett's division was arranged, two
brigades in the front line, supported by his third brigade, and Wilcox's
brigade was ordered to move in rear of his right flank, to protect it from any
force that the enemy might attempt to move against it.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> General Ewell was not having luck
breaking Union lines and there was nothing happening on their left. General Lee
decided save ammunition and man power and have a <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">main
attack on the Union center. Around 1:00 p.m. General Lee gave instructions to
General Longstreet to start a cannonade to focus on the Union center. After two
hours of shooting cannon balls, a charge of around 11,000 men were to attempt
to break Union lines. This was to be accomplished
by marching across about a mile of open field where the attacking Confederates
would be under intense fire.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> At 3:00 p.m., after two hours of
heavy cannon fire, the Confederate line emerged from the woods on Seminary
Ridge. “Three of the nine brigades in the attacking Confederate force were
commanded by Maj. Gen. George E. Pickett, a 38 year old career soldier from
Virginia.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pickett’s
division led the assault and no sooner had the Confederate lines stepped out of
the woods when their lines were filled with gaps from Union cannon fire. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">“Under orders not to fire and not to let
loose their Rebel Yell, the Confederates closed the gaps in their lines and
kept advancing. Union artillery changed from shells to canister -- tin cans
packed with iron balls that made giant shotguns of the cannon -- and mowed
great swaths through the Confederate ranks. As the attackers continued to close,
Union infantry sent volleys of minie balls into the still-ordered Southern
troops.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">What Rebels survived, returned fire and
continued to charge toward Union lies. When close enough, hand-to-hand combat
ensued and the Confederates were able to penetrate Union lines. However, due to
the large number killed or wounded, the Confederates were not able to continue
the fight. They had no choice but to retreat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">“General Wright, of Anderson's division,
with all of the officers, was ordered to rally and collect the scattered troops
behind Anderson's division, and many of my staff officers were sent to assist in the
same service. Expecting an attack from the enemy, I rode to the front of our batteries,
to reconnoiter and superintend their operations.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The attack on the
Confederate line never came. Both sides were exhausted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> According to Longstreet, “The enemy
threw forward forces at different times and from different points, but they
were only feelers, and retired as soon as our batteries opened upon them. These
little advances and checks were kept up till night, when the enemy retired to
his stronghold, and my line was withdrawn to the Gettysburg road on the right,
the left uniting with Lieut. Gen. A. P. Hill's right. After night, I received
orders to make all the needful arrangements for our retreat. The orders for
preparation were given, and the work was begun before daylight on the 4.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> While the attack on the Union center
was under way, General Jeb Stuart led his cavalry around the right of Union
lines. He rode about six miles east of Gettysburg, trying to remain undetected
but that did not happen. Stuart’s cavalry caused a lot of dust to stir and due
to the lack of rain and the hot weather, they were spotted easily by the
defenders of Cemetery and Culp’s Hill. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> General Custer’s brigade spent most
of July 2<sup>nd</sup> in the saddle and finally arrived around three in the
morning near Two Taverns, about five miles south of Gettysburg. Custer’s
troopers were allowed to get a few hours’ sleep before they would be needed
again. General Gregg’s Second Cavalry Division was even closer and rested. By
the time the sun came up on the morning of July 3, Gregg had orders to protect
the Union’s flanks with his cavalry. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> “The next morning, recognizing the
importance of the intersection of the Hanover and Low Dutch Roads – the Low
Dutch Road being a direct route to the rear of the Union center – Gregg decided
to strongly picket it.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Gregg deployed two
brigades one was led by Col. John B. McIntosh whose men connected with Union
infantry on Wolf’s Hill. “McIntosh’s men relieved Custer’s brigade, who began
moving out. However, Gregg persuaded Custer, who was not under his command, to
stay. Just then, Stuart’s command, which had arrived on nearby Cress Ridge,
fired four artillery shells and tried to flush out the Union cavalry, signaling
the beginning of fighting at East Cavalry Field.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> According to Major Henry B.
McClellan, who was Jeb Stuart’s aid, the four artillery shots were a
“prearranged signal” to let General Lee know his cavalry was in position.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Why would General Stuart
be at the location of Cress Ridge if all he was supposed to do was guard the
Confederate left? As someone who was in a guard position, why would Stuart
allow his position be known by firing not one, but four artillery shells? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> While Lee makes no mention of this
in his official report, Stuart writes “On the morning of July 3,pursuant to instructions
from the commanding general (the ground along our line of battle being totally
impracticable for cavalry operations), I moved forward to a position to the
left of General Ewell's left, and in advance of it, where a commanding ridge
completely controlled a wide plain of cultivated fields stretching toward
Hanover, on the left, and reaching to the base of the mountain spurs, among
which the enemy held position.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Stuart makes no mention of the
signal he used by firing the artillery rounds, so we have to rely on the word
of the man Stuart trusted most, Major McClellan. Also mentioned in Stuart’s <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">report
is his constant skirmishes with Union troops. Why would he do this if he was
just expected to guard General Ewell’s left? “Flank guards just didn’t do that.
Perhaps a little skirmishing, that might have been predictable.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Stuart also increased his strength
by one brigade, which in many ways would back the theory he was ordered or
planning on doing more than just guarding his flank. Stuart himself <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">answered
that question in his report by writing “my command was increased by the
addition of Jenkins' brigade, who here in the presence of the enemy allowed
themselves to be supplied with but 10 rounds of ammunition.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Then we have what I consider the
smoking gun. “I moved this command and W. H. F. Lee's secretly through the
woods to a position, and hoped to effect a surprise upon the enemy's rear, but
Hampton's and Fitz. Lee's brigades, which had been ordered to follow me,
unfortunately debouched into the open ground, disclosing the movement, and
causing a corresponding movement of a large force of the enemy's cavalry.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> What could be any clearer? This in
my opinion proves what Jeb Stuart had on his mind on July 3, 1863. The only
problem was Stuart’s troops were discovered and his surprise plan did not work.
As has been mentioned above, there had been no rain so the dust clouds could
not be helped regardless of how many trees or woods Stuart had his cavalry
travel. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Further down in Stuart’s report he
also adds “During this day's operations, I held such a position as not only to
render Ewell's left entirely secure, where the firing of my command, mistaken
for that of the enemy, caused some apprehension, but commanded a view of the
routes <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">leading
to the enemy's rear. Had the enemy's main body been dislodged, as was
confidently hoped and expected, I was in precisely the right position to
discover it and improve the opportunity. I watched keenly and anxiously the
indications in his rear for that purpose, while in the attack which I intended
(which was forestalled by our troops being exposed to view), his <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">cavalry
would have separated from the main body, and gave promise of solid results and
advantages.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> According to author and historian
Tom Carhart, he writes in his book <i>Lost
Triumph</i> that the above “is simply inaccurate and misleading in many ways.
But in it, Stuart also gives away some of what I believe to have been his true
mission that day.” Carhart is right in many ways since Stuart clearly admits he
is basically waiting for the right moment to attack Union lines from behind.
However what is not clear is whose order was he acting on? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Stuart’s attacking the Union army
from behind is only mentioned by him, not Robert E. Lee. Lee’s only mention of
General Stuart in his own report says “During the afternoon, intelligence was
received of the arrival of General Stuart at Carlisle, and he was ordered to
march to Gettysburg and take position on our left.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> That’s it. That’s the
only mention of correspondence between Lee and Stuart. It’s hard to believe
however, that Lee and Stuart did not meet face to face at some point. But why
is there no mention? Could it be because the outcome of Lee’s plan did not end
the way it was supposed to, making him look bad?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The above is speculation but there
had to have been a point where the two men met. It is just strange there is no
mention between either Lee or Stuart and what their battle plan was. What is
strange is not even Longstreet seemed to be aware of what Lee had on his mind
for the fight on <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">day
three. Longstreet made no mention of Jeb Stuart or for that matter, General
Lee’s three prong attack. All we have is Longstreet making mention of his
dislike of Lee’s attack on the Union center.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The fight that took place on East
Cavalry Field between Stuart and Gregg’s troopers left heavy casualties. “Before
long, a heavy dismounted engagement raged in the fields around the John Rummell
farm. Stuart’s command took heavy casualties in this engagement, and he sent
Chambliss’ brigade forward in a mounted charge. Gregg responded by sending the
7th Michigan Cavalry, with Custer leading them, forward in a mounted charge
that stopped the Confederate assault dead in its tracks. The Southerners fell
back, and Stuart ordered a mounted countercharge by the brigades of Brig. Gens.
Fitzhugh Lee and Wade Hampton.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The small-arms fight heated up again
Stuart’s men continued to fight. However, even though the breech loading
weapons used by the Union troops, they were outnumbered by the Confederate
Cavalry. Though they had to retreat, some of the troopers would stop and fire,
but they kept moving. Before long, the fight was spreading into open farmland
where there was just a few clumps of trees and bushes for cover.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The Confederate Cavalry “deployed into
line of battle, slowly marching, the blades of their sabers glinting in the
bright afternoon sun. They charged, headed straight for Union artillery
blasting away at them. Gregg again ordered one of Custer’s units, the 1st
Michigan Cavalry, to charge, and, with Custer at their head crying, “Come on
you Wolverines!” their charge split the Confederate line in two.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> With his trooper’s ammunition
running low, “General Stuart wagered <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">that
one last charge using most of his force would overwhelm the Union line and
hopefully scatter what appeared to be a thinly held crossroad.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The Michigan soldiers drove headlong into
Stuart's determined troopers. In the fight that <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">followed,
the soldiers shot, slashed, and stabbed each other at close range with heavy
losses, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Stuart
abandoned his quest to reach the intersection of the Hanover and Low Dutch
Roads as would have been required of him if he tried to attack the Union army
from behind. The fight for East Cavalry Field was over.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Jeb Stuart failed to take the Union
Army by surprise which is evident from the fight that occurred. While the
Confederate cavalry did continue to keep the left of their army protected,
Stuart failed to break the union lines. His ride around the Confederate Army
started off wrong when they were discovered by defending Union troops. This
caused a major problem Stuart had not anticipated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> In conclusion of the Cavalry fight
on July 3, 1863, there is no written record of a meeting between General Robert
E. Lee and Jeb Stuart. Stuart’s actions and his intentions were clear however,
in my opinion. He had every intention of making an attack behind Union lines.
It is clear Stuart had no intention of simply guarding his armies left flank.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> It’s written in Jeb Stuart’s own
report in his own words that he was waiting for the moment to attack. If he was
not looking for a fight, then why did he fire the artillery rounds? Some say it
was to see if there was a response from Union troops, but there is doubt to
this. More likely than not, it was, as historians Tom Carhart and Stephen Sears
claim, the four artillery rounds were a signal to General Lee telling him
Stuart was in position. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> One could speculate what would have
happened had Stuart’s cavalry been able to go around the Union Army undetected.
Lee’s three prong attack would have been a complete disaster for the Army of
the Potomac. Stuart would have been able to get behind Union <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">lines
along Cemetery Ridge and the Union soldiers would have their backs turned to
the attacking Stuart. Their concentration would have been on the thousands of
Confederates marching across an open field and not behind them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The Union Army would have been cut
in half with the Confederates having control of everything between Cemetery
Hill and Little Round Top. General Mead would have had no other option but to
retreat with this having a devastating effect. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Of course this did not happen, but
it leads one to try and figure out what Lee actually had in mind. It’s just
hard to believe that someone like General Lee, who had won so many battles
would put all of his eggs in one basket with just Pickett’s Charge. It’s just
hard to believe. Lee was too smart for this. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> While there is no concreate proof
that Lee was trying to make a three prong attack, it makes sense. There are
those that disagree with Tom Carhart’s theory and there are many who have
problems when one claims to know what someone else was thinking, but Carhart’s
theory makes sense in the point that a three prong attack was Lee’s main goal.
With no record of Lee and Stuart meeting to discuss the plan of attack, past
research has revealed Lee, like many other generals always consulted with his
generals. Not to mention Stuart and Lee were rather close and it is hard to
imagine there was not a meeting at some point at Gettysburg between the two.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> After the fighting ceased on July 3,
General Robert E. Lee issued the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><b><i>General</i> ORDERS, No.
74.</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> HDQRS. ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA,<br />
<i>
</i> <i> July </i>4<i>, </i>1863<i>.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> I. The army will vacate its position this
evening. General A. P. Hill's corps will commence the movement, withdrawing
from its position after dark, and proceed on the Fairfield road to the pass in
the mountains, which it will occupy, selecting the strongest ground for defense
toward the east; General Longstreet's corps Will follow, and General Ewell's
corps bring up the rear. These two latter corps will proceed through and go
into camp. General Longstreet's corps will be charged with the escort of the prisoners,
and will habitually occupy the center of the line of march. General Ewell's and
General Hill's corps will alternately take the front and rear on the march.<br />
II. The trains which accompany the
army will habitually move between the leading and the rear corps, each under
the charge of their respective chief quartermasters. Lieutenant-Colonel [James
L.] Corley, chief quartermaster of the army, will regulate the order in which
they shall move. Corps commanders will see that the officers remain with their
trains, and that they move steadily and quietly, and that the animals are
properly cared for.<br />
III. The artillery of each corps
will move under the charge of their respective chiefs of artillery, the whole
under the general superintendence of the commander of the artillery of the
army.<br />
IV. General Stuart will designate a
cavalry command, not exceeding two squadrons, to precede and follow the army in
its line of march, the commander of the advance reporting to the commander of
the leading corps, the commander of the rear to the commander of the rear
corps. He will direct one or two brigades, as he may think proper, <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">to
proceed to Cash town this afternoon, and hold that place until the rear of the
army has </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">passed
Fairfield, and occupy the gorge in the mountains; after crossing which, to
proceed in the direction of Greencastle, guarding the right and rear of the
army on its march to Hagerstown and Williamsport. General Stuart, with the rest
of the cavalry, will this evening take the route to Emmitsburg, and proceed
thence toward Cavetown and Boonsborough, guarding the left and rear of the
army.<br />
V. The commanding general earnestly
exhorts each corps commander to see that every officer exerts the utmost
vigilance, steadiness, and boldness during the whole march.</span></i><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">R.
E. LEE, </span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br />
General.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">[39]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Was Stuart acting on his own or <b><i>Did
Robert E. Lee order Jeb Stuart to make a rear attack at Gettysburg? </i></b>This
is a question that one has to answer on his or her own, but this research has
led to the conclusion that while there is no mention of Lee giving the order to
Stuart in Lee’s report, we have the report of Jeb Stuart himself where he makes
his intentions clear. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <b>Bibliography </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Catton,
Bruce, <i>Gettysburg: The Final Fury.</i> New York: Berkley
Publishing, 1974.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Carhart,
Tom, <i>Lost Triumph: Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg and why it failed. </i>New
York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 2005.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Foote,
Shelby, <i>Stars in Their Courses. </i>New York: Modern Library,
1994<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Hessler,
James,<i> Sickles at Gettysburg. </i>New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ladd,
David, Editor, <i>The Bachelder Paper. </i>Ohio: Morningside Books,
1995. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">LaFantasie,
Glenn, <i>Twilight at Little Round Top: July 2, 1863, The Tide Turns at
Gettysburg.</i> New York: Vintage Books, 2005. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Longstreet,
James, <i>From Manassas to Appomattox. </i>Philadelphia: J.B.
Lippincott Company, 1908. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Piston,
William G, <i>Lee's Tarnished Lieutenant. </i>Georgia: University of
Georgia Press, 1990. A detailed book about Longstreet and his disputes with
General Lee.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Priest,
John M, <i>Stand to it and Give them Hell: Gettysburg as the Soldiers
experienced it from Cemetery Ridge to Little Round Top, July 2, 1863</i>.
California: Savas Beatie, 2014. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Longstreet,
James, <i>From Manassas to Appomattox.</i> Philadelphia: J.B.
Lippincott Company, 1908. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">McClellan,
Henry B, <i>I Rode with Jeb Stuart: The life and Campaigns if Major
General J.E.B. Stuart. </i>New York: Da Capo Press, 1994..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">War
of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Volume
27, Parts 1,2, 3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1889.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">-Battle
reports of Robert E. Lee<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">-Battle
reports of James Longstreet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">-Battle
Report of Jeb Stuart<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.
Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880. Volume 27, pt. 1. <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Ibid (Howard’s Report)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Carhart, Tom. <i>Lost Triumph: Lee’s Real
plan at Gettysburg and why it failed</i> (New York: Putnam, 2005).<o:p></o:p></div>
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ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
War of the Rebellion. (Longstreet’s Report).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Longstreet, James. <i>From Manassas to Appomattox:</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Manassas-Appomattox-Memoirs-Civil-America/dp/1494451190/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1440359348&sr=8-1&keywords=from+manassas+to+appomattox" title="From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Memoirs of the Civil War in America</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> (Indiana University, 1960). </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></a></i></div>
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War of the Rebellion. (Longstreet’s report).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Longstreet,
James. <i>From Manassas to Appomattox.</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
War of the Rebellion (General Sykes Report).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Ibid (Colonel Chamberlain’s report).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Freeman, Douglas Southall. <i>Lee’s
Lieutenants</i> ( New York: Scribners, 1944).<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Ibid p. 139<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
War of the Rebellion. (Lee’s Report).<o:p></o:p></div>
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War of the Rebellion (Stuart’s Report).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
War of the Rebellion (Longstreet’s Report).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
www.civilwar.com<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
War of the Rebellion (Longstreet’s Report).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <a href="http://www.civilwar.org/">www.civilwar.org</a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
McClellan, Henry B. <i>I rode with Jeb
Stuart. </i>P. 338. <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
War of the Rebellion. (Stuart’s Report). <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Carhart, <i>Lost Triumph.</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
War of the Rebellion (Stuart’s Report). <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn34">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
War of the Rebellion (Lee’s Report).<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
www.civilwar.org<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> ibid<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn39">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/SchoonoverCalMILH490paper.docx#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>O.R. SERIES I, VOLUME XXVII. Pt 2. <o:p></o:p></div>
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</div>
Calhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13606217989328231764noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2138042210149775034.post-86460208246224064622015-03-10T13:42:00.001-07:002015-09-29T11:43:26.809-07:00Governor Leonard Farwell and the Lincoln Assassination<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">(Article originally published in the July 2014 edition of the Surratt Courier)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">As time
has passed and the events of April 14, 1865 have been retold in countless books
and articles, it’s amazing to see the amount of interest the Assassination of
President Abraham Lincoln still brings. In a packed theatre in front of a large
audience, actor John Wilkes Booth made history by giving his last performance
in front of an audience by shooting Lincoln. With over a hundred eyewitness in
the crowd that night it’s rather difficult to name all those in attendance. One
guest in Washington that night was former Wisconsin Governor Leonard J.
Farwell. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Leonard
J. Farwell was born in Watertown, New York in 1819 and he later moved to
Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1840, just prior to Wisconsin becoming a state. Upon
arriving in Wisconsin Farwell was able to purchase large amounts of land that
would become beneficial financially in the future. Later in 1847 Farwell left
Milwaukee for Madison where he was able to secure his future political plans
when he made large improvements to the city itself. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1852 Farwell
was elected Governor of Wisconsin and was also the first governor to be elected
from the Whig Party. Some of his well-known accomplishments as governor was
abolishing the death penalty in Wisconsin and replacing it with “Life in
Prison.” Leonard Farwell would serve another year as governor after this and he
left the governorship in 1854. As a former governor, Farwell still had a drive
for politics. So in 1860 the former governor began serving in the assembly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After the election of Abraham Lincoln, Leonard Farwell
was offered a job in Washington by the Lincoln Administration. In 1863, the
former governor and assemblymen left Wisconsin and set out for a new life in
Washington, D.C. It was this position at the U.S. Patent Office that Farwell
would serve until 1870.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On the night
of April 14, 1865 the city of Washington, much like other parts of the country
was in celebration of the ending of the American Civil War. The four years of
killing and hardship felt touched so many lives. The night of the 14<sup>th</sup>
President Lincoln, his wife Mary along with Major Henry Rathbone and his
fiancée Clara Harris, all went out for a relaxing evening at Ford’s Theatre. However,
it wasn’t long before what was supposed to be a joyous night out, turned into a
night of terror. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As John Wilkes Booth fired the fatal shot, the play came
to a halt and the crowd went silent. The next thing many eyewitness remember
was seeing Booth leap out of the presidential box, land on the stage and race
out the back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the crowd in a panic
Governor Farwell raced over to the Kirkwood House to inform Vice-President
Andrew Johnson of the news. Farwell and Johnson had been friends for a while by
this point,</span><a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
and it was Farwell who ordered guards to be placed at the vice-presidents
door.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On June 3, 1865 Leonard Farwell gave testimony about his
version of events. Farwell stated “On the evening of the 14<sup>th</sup> of
April last, on leaving Ford’s Theater, I went immediately to the Kirkwood
House, to the room of Vice-President Johnson. I should think it was between 10
and half-past 10 o’clock. I found the room door locked. I rapped, but receiving
no answer, I rapped again, and said in a loud voice ‘Governor Johnson, if you
are in the room, I must see you’…. I did not see anyone apparently lying in
wait near Mr. Johnson’s door.”</span><a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The
press would declare Farwell a hero and credited him with saving the life of the
Vice-President. The Cincinnati Enquirer wrote in an article dated April 18,
1865 ran the headlines “How Johnson’s life was saved.”</span><a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
The article states “Suspecting that an attempt would also be made on the life
of the Vice-President, he (Farwell) rushed from the theater to Mr. Johnson’s
room, which he reached within five minutes after the shooting of the
president.”</span><a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
When the Vice-President finally opened the door and let Farwell in, “Mr.
Farwell told him of the murder.”</span><a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although we now know the Vice- President was not in any real
danger at this time, since Atzerodt had backed out and wanted no part in any
killing. Atzerodt was the only one of Booth’s group of assassins that didn’t
attempt what he was supposed to do. However, this wasn’t known on the night of
the assassination and Andrew Johnson would be, unlike Lincoln, well protected.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It wasn’t
until 1923 when the Wisconsin State Journal released their story about
Farwell’s actions that tragic night in 1865 where it mentioned Farwell being
inside of Ford’s Theatre on the night of April 14, 1865. On December 2, 1923
the state journal reported “Former Wisconsin Governor saw Lincoln shot.” The
reporter, Fred L. Holmes writes Farwell “Occupied seat opposite from
President’s box.”</span><a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Upon
closer reading one has to question why Farwell didn’t give a full statement of
what he saw take place inside Ford’s. To further my point, why didn’t Farwell
give his witness statement to the War Secratary Edward M. Stanton the night of
the assassination? In the 1923 article it says Farwell didn’t give his version
of what happened the night of April 14, 1865 until sometime “before his death.”
At this point one has to question the accuracy of these claims. With the
passage of time and with the great hype of the event, one can maybe think it
was more or less wishful thinking placing oneself at the scene of one of the
greatest tragedies in history.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the 1923 article it continues on with Farwell saying
“as the President fell and the cry rang through the house that he was
assassinated, it flashed across my mind that there was a conspiracy…”</span><a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
The discrepancy here in Farwell’s statement shows his memory was not clear by
this point. When exactly did Lincoln fall? He never did fall out of his chair
after being shot as Mrs. Lincoln was observed hanging on to the president. Two
of the best witnesses we have to the president not falling is from Major Henry Rathbone
and Dr. Charles Leale, who was the first doctor to arrive inside the president’s
box.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Major Rathbone gave his statement on April 15, 1865 as to
what he observed inside the Presidential Box. After John Wilkes Booth fired the
shot, Booth and Major Rathbone fought as Booth tried to make his escape. Booth
was able to escape by leaping out of the Presidential Box and onto the stage,
but not before slashing Rathbone on his arm. Rathbone’s remark regarding
President Lincoln was “his position was not changed. His head was slightly bent
forward and his eyes were closed.”</span><a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Dr.
Leale writes “As I looked at the President, he appeared to be dead. His eyes
were closed and his head had fallen forward. He was being held upright in his
chair by Mrs. Lincoln, who was weeping bitterly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From his crouched down sitting posture it was
evident that Mrs. Lincoln had instantly sprung to his aid after he had been
wounded and kept him from tumbling to the floor. By Mrs. Lincoln’s courage,
strength and energy the President was maintained in his upright position…”</span><a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">So when
did Farwell actually see Lincoln fall? It’s also hard to judge Farwell’s view
of the Presidential box since his description of his seating was only mentioned
as being in “full view at our right.” While there is no disputing Governor
Farwell’s appearance at the Kirkwood House, where he notified Vice-President
Andrew Johnson with the news; his general description of the shooting of
Lincoln and the actions of John Wilkes Booth was something that was widely
published around the world.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The hype the assassination caused and the attention that
could be gained by being there would be something someone, like Governor
Farwell, could use for furthering ones career. Especially with one being
credited with saving the Vice-President’s life.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Governor
Leonard Farwell ended up leaving Washington, D.C. for Chicago in 1870 where he
started his own private patent office. Farwell’s business would fall victim to
the great fire of Chicago in 1871 and he later died in Grant City Missouri on
April 10, 1889.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<a href="http://calscornerblog.blogspot.com/2015/03/governor-leonard-farwell-and-lincoln.html">http://calscornerblog.blogspot.com/2015/09/jeb-stuart-at-gettysburg.html</a><div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
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<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
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<br />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Steers, Edward. The Lincoln Assassination Encyclopedia. Harper Perennial Books,
2010. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Steers, Edward. The Trial: The Assassination of President Lincoln and the trial
of the conspirators. The University Press of Kentucky, 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
The Cincinnati Enquirer April 18, 1865.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
The Wisconsin State Journal. December 2, 1923.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Good, Timothy S. We Saw Lincoln Shot. University Press of Mississippi, 1995.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/Gov%20Farwell.docx" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Leale,
Charles A. Lincoln’s Last Hours. New York, 1909. Reprint by Kessinger Legacy
Reprints.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Calhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13606217989328231764noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2138042210149775034.post-13585799417958051282015-02-04T18:07:00.001-08:002015-02-04T18:07:16.552-08:00A day on the ice<br />
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<br />
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<a class="rg_l" href="http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/host.madison.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/d/82/d82fa5aa-dd86-5b0f-8501-50f5faef1496/53e93c7b7d29c.preview-620.jpg&imgrefurl=http://host.madison.com/sports/recreation/outdoors/jerry-davis-no-one-needs-an-excuse-to-go-ice/article_87910d61-840a-56f1-9c89-cc3990e94dbe.html&h=408&w=620&tbnid=ir9UMS_miwl7YM:&zoom=1&docid=LPGXZETMESHveM&hl=en&ei=483SVPHWI4a3Uaj9gOAO&tbm=isch&ved=0CGwQMyhBMEE" jsaction="mouseover:str.hmov;mouseout:str.hmou" style="height: 182px; left: 0px; width: 228px;"> </a><a class="rg_l" href="http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/host.madison.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/d/82/d82fa5aa-dd86-5b0f-8501-50f5faef1496/53e93c7b7d29c.preview-620.jpg&imgrefurl=http://host.madison.com/sports/recreation/outdoors/jerry-davis-no-one-needs-an-excuse-to-go-ice/article_87910d61-840a-56f1-9c89-cc3990e94dbe.html&h=408&w=620&tbnid=ir9UMS_miwl7YM:&zoom=1&docid=LPGXZETMESHveM&hl=en&ei=483SVPHWI4a3Uaj9gOAO&tbm=isch&ved=0CGwQMyhBMEE" jsaction="mouseover:str.hmov;mouseout:str.hmou" style="height: 182px; left: 0px; width: 228px;"></a><br />
<a class="rg_l" href="http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/host.madison.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/d/82/d82fa5aa-dd86-5b0f-8501-50f5faef1496/53e93c7b7d29c.preview-620.jpg&imgrefurl=http://host.madison.com/sports/recreation/outdoors/jerry-davis-no-one-needs-an-excuse-to-go-ice/article_87910d61-840a-56f1-9c89-cc3990e94dbe.html&h=408&w=620&tbnid=ir9UMS_miwl7YM:&zoom=1&docid=LPGXZETMESHveM&hl=en&ei=483SVPHWI4a3Uaj9gOAO&tbm=isch&ved=0CGwQMyhBMEE" jsaction="mouseover:str.hmov;mouseout:str.hmou" style="height: 182px; left: 0px; width: 228px;"></a><a class="rg_l" href="http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/host.madison.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/d/82/d82fa5aa-dd86-5b0f-8501-50f5faef1496/53e93c7b7d29c.preview-620.jpg&imgrefurl=http://host.madison.com/sports/recreation/outdoors/jerry-davis-no-one-needs-an-excuse-to-go-ice/article_87910d61-840a-56f1-9c89-cc3990e94dbe.html&h=408&w=620&tbnid=ir9UMS_miwl7YM:&zoom=1&docid=LPGXZETMESHveM&hl=en&ei=483SVPHWI4a3Uaj9gOAO&tbm=isch&ved=0CGwQMyhBMEE" jsaction="mouseover:str.hmov;mouseout:str.hmou" style="height: 182px; left: 0px; width: 228px;"><a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSz_vkL7MeyS1I__-EaeWsOqPLMOlg9MssRmFybItv-bKy8XvjMcQ" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" class="rg_i" data-src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSz_vkL7MeyS1I__-EaeWsOqPLMOlg9MssRmFybItv-bKy8XvjMcQ" data-sz="f" jsaction="load:str.tbn" name="ir9UMS_miwl7YM:" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSz_vkL7MeyS1I__-EaeWsOqPLMOlg9MssRmFybItv-bKy8XvjMcQ" style="height: 182px; margin-top: 0px; width: 277px;" /></a></a><br />
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<a class="rg_l" href="http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/host.madison.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/d/82/d82fa5aa-dd86-5b0f-8501-50f5faef1496/53e93c7b7d29c.preview-620.jpg&imgrefurl=http://host.madison.com/sports/recreation/outdoors/jerry-davis-no-one-needs-an-excuse-to-go-ice/article_87910d61-840a-56f1-9c89-cc3990e94dbe.html&h=408&w=620&tbnid=ir9UMS_miwl7YM:&zoom=1&docid=LPGXZETMESHveM&hl=en&ei=483SVPHWI4a3Uaj9gOAO&tbm=isch&ved=0CGwQMyhBMEE" jsaction="mouseover:str.hmov;mouseout:str.hmou" style="height: 182px; left: 0px; width: 228px;"><div class="rg_ilmbg">
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</a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">It’s easy to say ice fishing equipment has changed over the
years. Mostly for the better. Due to these changes there are a large number of
anglers who prefer hard water fishing to open water. It’s nice to be able to
fish deep water without the hassle of hauling a boat out and for some, if you
have no boat, then hitting the deeper water can be truly great!</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The best thing about the new advances of ice fishing equipment
have allowed the angler to have the upper hand in many ways. However, having a technique
is just as important today as it was years ago. The fish still go throw their
stages of biting aggressively to being extremely picky. When the latter
happens, no amount of fancy equipment seems to help.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jigs have changed too for the better. They are one of the
most important pieces of equipment an angler can have. Using the newest tiny
heavy jigs, designed to get into deep water quickly to a waiting school of
panfish is one of the greatest inventions! Having a variety of colors and sizes
are also important. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s also important
to have a couple different rods rigged up and ready for action. Gone are the
days of using just a single rod. There are several different brands of rods on
the market today that can fit anyone’s budget. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">I love crappies and bluegills. Crappie are my absolute
favorite and am always willing to go the extra mile to get the big slabs. Like
many ice anglers, I get super excited when the lakes finally freeze over enough
to hold people and their gear. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The early ice always is an exciting time to fish. The fish
are aggressive, they will eat just about anything and for the most part, they
will swim longer distances for food. Since the bite is hot, the angler can
still be aggressive with jigging. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">One a recent day trip to one of my favorite lakes, the bite
was real slow. I literally fished for five hours and caught only three fish. It
seemed no matter what color I used or how aggressive I jigged, it just didn’t
matter. The fish would not cooperate. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">I ended the day by using one of my favorite Lindy jigs in
the Viking color; it worked on the two large 9 inch bluegills and one 13 inch
crappie I caught. Other than that, noting was interested. It happens, that’s
why it’s called fishing and not “catching.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">While it’s always fun doing the “catching” it’s not how
things always go. However, no matter what, it was a good day on the ice, like
most are and I was able to use my electronics to watch fish follow my jig, but
not bite. Frustrating yes, but still worth the time spent on the hard water. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Calhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13606217989328231764noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2138042210149775034.post-9063382272098151112015-01-27T00:05:00.000-08:002015-01-27T09:35:12.906-08:00The Murder of Christine Rothschild<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> <img alt="Christine Rothschild murdered on the UW campus in 1968. UPDATE: Person of Interest in case." class="img-polaroid" src="http://media.graytvinc.com/images/183*243/CRothschild.JPG" /><u><span style="color: #0066cc;"> </span></u> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">
<div class="text_center">
Christine Rothschild</div>
</span><div class="text_center">
</div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">The fall of 1967 was an exciting time for 18- year -old
Christine Rothschild. Christine or “Chris” as she was known to her friends, had
recently graduated from Senn High School in Chicago, Illinois a few months
prior and was starting her freshmen year at the University of Wisconsin,
Madison. Christine took up residence at Ann Emery Hall, room 119 on the
university campus. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">On the cool damp morning of May 26, 1968 Christine
Rothschild was up at 4 a.m. The night hostess, Mrs. Gertrude Armstrong said “She
came out of her room, headed for the bathroom. I met her in the hall-we almost
ran into each other. That was the last time I saw her.” <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Seeing Christine out and about in the early morning hours
was nothing out of the ordinary. She enjoyed taking morning walks around campus
around 7 to 7:30 each morning.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">On that last morning, Christine put on a mini-dress, black
boots and an all-weather coat and set out for her walk. What happened after she
left her dorm is something only Christine and her killer know.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Around 7:30 p.m. that same day, 22 year old University
Maintenance worker Phillip Van-Valkenberg tried to enter Sterling Hall. Finding
the doors locked, he went to knock on a lower window behind some bushes in
front of Sterling Hall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In those bushes
Van-Valkenberg came upon the horrific sight that sent shock waves throughout
the entire university.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Christine Rothschild’s lifeless body had been found. It was
a sight UW-Madison Police Chief Ralph Hanson would never forget. “I don’t know
what kind of person would have done this,” he said.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">According to Hanson Christine had been stabbed 14 times in
the chest and neck. She also had four broken ribs and a broken jaw, along with
being strangled with the lining of her own coat. Police said the coat lining
was tied into a “slip knot” around her neck and Christine’s gloves were shoved
down her throat. Chief Hanson would not say if Christine was killed where her
body was found, but said there was “plenty of blood” at the scene. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">There was no sign of sexual assault. Christine was still
fully clothed in her mini-dress, black boots and a three-quarter length beige
all-weather coat. However, her clothing was “ripped and askew” in some places,
but otherwise intact. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">The police also reported Christine was still wearing her
rings that appeared “expensive” and a bloody “man’s handkerchief” was found
under her head. There was also a broken umbrella sticking out of the ground
found next to the body. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">While no murder weapon was found, the broken umbrella and
handkerchief were sent to the FBI for forensic testing. However, the tests
conducted could not link anyone to the murder. DNA evidence was not available
at this time. The two key pieces of evidence were sent back to UW-Madison Police
Department and from there sent to the county sheriff’s office for safe keeping.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The evidence was ultimately lost so no
modern day analysis can be done. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Since the murder of Christine Rothschild is still an open
case, what remaining evidence there is, is not known. At the time of the murder,
there was speculation by the local press that there could have been foot prints
left at the scene since it rained recently. However, this is not confirmed by
police. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">The attack on Christine seemed a bit of an overkill one
could say. The intensity of the violence seemed personal in nature, leading
some to believe Christine may have known her killer. She was described by those
that knew her as a happy and easy going person. So just who exactly could have
done this? <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Chief Hanson had no leads to go on, but his department
interviewed several people right away. Nothing would come of it and the State
Crime Lab, who searched the crime scene, refused to disclose if any leads had
been found.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">As the summer of 1968 continued, investigators looked into
several “persons of interest” but none proved to be the killer. There was even
a $5,000 reward offered to anyone with information, but that also lead nowhere.
With no new leads, no new suspects and no murder weapon, Christine’s murder was
placed into the “cold case” file.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Jumping ahead to 2009, the hunt for Christine Rothschild’s
killer is still active. On Saturday, August 29, 2009 NBC News 15, a local news
station in Madison, Wisconsin broke the news that police have a person of
interest in the murder.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Forty-one years after she was murdered, could it be
Christine’s killer was finally found? Many, including Christine’s close friend
Linda Schulko says “no.” The news story claimed serial killer William Floyd
Zamastil is a “person of interest” in the Rothschild killing. Zamastil is
currently serving a life sentence for the 1978 murder and rape of a Madison
woman. He has also been indicted for the 1973 murder and rape of a woman from
Arizona. Zamastil was sixteen years old when Rothschild was killed and was said
to be living in Madison at the time. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“I’m really skeptical that Zamastil murdered Chris,” said
Linda Schulko to NBC News. It was Schulko that has been the driving force in
keeping her dear friend’s murder a live. “If Zamastil had murdered her, this
would possibly be his first crime of this nature.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">One major problem police have not explained is how different
Zamastil’s other victims died compared to Rothschild. Zamastil raped and shot
his victims, then took their bodies far from the crime scene. Christine was
strangled and stabbed, not shot. She also was not raped like the others. It is
also safe to assume she was killed where she was found based on the amount of
blood discovered in the bushes. According to Schulko she thinks, “This is a cop
out for a serial killer to take the rap on something, that it won’t make a
difference since he’s already serving a life sentence.” <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">As the years have passed, the trail continues growing
colder. Police checked several leads early, but admitted they had no motive and
no weapon to link to the crime. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">There was however, one suspect that stood out from the
others. He was a resident surgeon at the University of Wisconsin Hospital at
the time of Christine’s murder. The hospital was located across the street from
Sterling Hall and it was common, according to Schulko, for Christine to stop
for a break and have a cigarette with this surgeon.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Linda Schulko says this doctor wanted to date Christine, but
Christine was not interested in him. Police, in September, 1968 went to New
York where this doctor moved shortly after the murder. The detectives
questioned him for hours only to leave without making an arrest. A mistake Schulko
felt on the part of the police. In one statement Schulko wrote, “I have been in
written and verbal correspondence” with the suspect and “have no doubt he is a
psychopath.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">In an August, 2011
article published by The Globe and Mail, a college professor sent out students to
conduct their own investigation on cold cases. One group of students were
assigned to the Rothschild murder. These students were able to get into contact
with the doctor who was 84 at this time and living in New York. He denied he
was the killer, but spoke at length with some students about the case. The
murder was “like an act of rage” and the 14 stab wounds were “too many-one good
thrust would do the job if you had the knowledge of anatomy to do it.” <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">After the interview and a 40-page case analysis, which the
students concluded “was probably not the work of a serial killer,” was turned
over to UW-Madison Police. The lead detective commented “he (the doctor) is
still a person of interest. It’s a fairly short list and he’s on it.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">No arrests have been made and more time passes by without
any further investigaton.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">After 47 years, no one has been captured or paid for the
needless murder of an 18 year old college student who had her whole life a head
of her. Christine’s family and best friend mourn her death as much today as
they did in 1968. They all look forward to the day when her killer is brought
to justice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
Calhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13606217989328231764noreply@blogger.com29tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2138042210149775034.post-20050283314334359662015-01-25T23:09:00.000-08:002015-01-27T09:41:47.510-08:00A Life Turned Tragic: Major Henry Rathbone and the Lincoln Assassination<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <em> (Article originally published by Emerging Civil War.com, July 31, 2014)</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">By
the beginning of April 1865, the Civil War was essentially over and Washington
was in the mood to celebrate. On the day before the assassination of Lincoln,
April 13, the city of Washington had been putting on grand shows with
fireworks, bonfires and torchlight parades. Most everyone had reasons to be in
good mood, of course with the exception of the well- known stage actor, John
Wilkes Booth.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Major
Henry Reed Rathbone, along with his fiancée Clara Harris, was in a celebrating
mood. On that night the Major and Miss. Harris were asked by President Lincoln
to accompany him and the First Lady to Ford’s Theatre. Rathbone accepted the
invitation. The night of April 14<sup>th</sup> was supposed to be a great night
of celebration since the bloody Civil War had ended days before. Little did
Major Rathbone know, later that evening, his life would change forever.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Around
8:20 P.M on April 14 Major Rathbone and Clara Harris met the
President and Mary Lincoln at the Harris residence on the “corner of 15<sup>th</sup>
and H Streets.”<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
From there, Rathbone and Harris rode with the Lincoln’s to the theatre. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">By
the time they arrived the play, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Our
American Cousin</i> had already begun. As the President and his party made
their way to the presidential box, the performance on stage had stopped. The
crowd began to cheer and the orchestra started playing “Hail to the Chief.” President
Lincoln simply smiled, bowed and continued toward his parties waiting box that
had been prepared. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">President
Lincoln took his seat in a cushioned rocking chair near the door, his wife Mary
would take the chair to Lincoln’s right. Major Rathbone would be seated
farthest away from the door on an upholstered walnut sofa<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> with Miss Harris to his
right. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Around
10:15 P.M the play was in Act 3, scene 2 and it was at this point John Wilkes
Booth slipped in through the door of the Presidential Box. On Stage actor Harry
Hawk said his famous line that normally received loud laughter from the crowd. As
expected, the crowd burst into laughter and at this point, Booth fired his shot
into the back of Lincoln’s head. The audience grew silent.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
smoke from Booth’s gun filled the Presidential Box, but Major Rathbone was able
to see the assassin. “I instantly sprang toward him and seized him,” Rathbone
testified on May 15, 1865 for the prosecution during the conspiracy trial.<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> “He wrested himself from
my grasp, and made a violent thrust at my breast with a large knife. I parried
the blow by striking it up, and received a wound several inches deep in my left
arm, between the elbow and the shoulder.”<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">As
Booth was able to break free from Rathbone’s grip, the Major lunged at Booth again;
however he was only able to grab a piece of clothing as Booth made the twelve
foot leap onto the stage. “As he went over upon the stage, I cried out, stop
that man!”<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The frozen crowd could
only watch as Booth ran across the stage. Many witnesses would later claim they
at first thought Booth leaping from the Presidential Box was part of the
performance.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Major
Rathbone then turned his attention to the president. Rathbone remarked Lincoln
had not changed positions, but his head was “slightly bent forward and his eyes
were closed.”<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Major Rathbone assumed Lincoln’s wound was mortal so he hurried to the door of
the Presidential Box to seek medical aid. The door, as Rathbone soon discovered
had been barred shut by the assassin with a piece of plank which was secured in
the wall on one end and the other tight against the door.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The
Major could hear people on the other side of the door trying to get in, but
were unable to. Booth’s trick with the piece of plank served its purpose. Major
Rathbone, after several attempts of trying to remove the plank, was finally
successful and managed to get the door open.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Several people tried to gain entrance; one of them was Dr. Charles
Leale.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dr. Leale (1842-1932) was the first surgeon to
reach President Lincoln, thus making him the primary physician in the case.
Leale wrote about the tragic event in his 1909 writings titled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lincoln’s Last Hours.</i> In it he described
what happened as he entered the Presidential Box. “Major Rathbone had bravely
fought the assassin; his arm had been severely wounded and was bleeding. He
came to me holding his wounded arm in the hand of the other, beseeching me to
attend to his wound. I placed my hand under his chin, looking into his eyes an
almost instantaneous glance revealed the fact that he was in no immediate
danger…”<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Leale then moved on to
attend to President Lincoln. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Upon
the first look at Lincoln, Dr. Leale thought Lincoln was dead. “His eyes were
closed and his head had fallen forward. He was being held upright in his chair
by Mrs. Lincoln, who was weeping bitterly.”<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Dr. Leale then placed his
finger on the President’s right radial pulse; however, he wasn’t able to feel
any movement from the artery. Leale made the decision to remove Lincoln from
his chair and place him on the floor, hoping this would help with reviving him.
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">After Lincoln was laid out on the floor the search for
the wound was sought out. Dr. Leale recalled seeing Booth, as he ran across the
stage with a dagger in his hand. With this remembrance and seeing Major
Rathbone’s injury, Leale thought it possible President Lincoln may have been
stabbed. “…while kneeling on the floor over his head, with my eyes continuously
watching the President’s face, I asked a gentleman to cut the coat and shirt
open from the neck to the elbow to enable me, if possible, to check the
hemorrhage that I thought might take place from the subclavian artery or some
other blood vessel.”<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>No injury was discovered and it was then that Dr. Leale
lifted Lincoln’s eye lid. From the look of the eyes, Leale determined Lincoln
had a brain injury. Dr. Leale then ran his fingers through Lincoln’s hair and
the bullet wound was found. Dr. Leale was able to remove some of the clotted
blood in the wound, when this happened, pressure on the brain was relieved and
Lincoln had a pulse.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">While Dr. Leale was attempting to save the life of
President Lincoln, two other doctors, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dr. Charles S. Taft and
Dr. Albert F.A. King had come to render any assistance. The three doctors
figured it was best to remove the president from the theatre, but he was too
badly wounded to transport back to the White House. Instead, they had Lincoln
taken to a boarding house across the street where he was placed in a bed that
was too small for his large frame; Lincoln had to be placed diagonally on the
bed in order for him to fit.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mary Lincoln was assisted across the street by Major
Rathbone and Clara. Mary would call out “oh! My husband’s blood” every time she
would see Clara’s blood stained dress. Although the blood probably was
Rathbone’s, that didn’t register to Mary at the time. When they arrived at the
boarding house across the street, Mary went to the room where the president was
placed. Dr. Leale began to make a complete examination and asked some people,
including Mrs. Lincoln to step out. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As the examing of President Lincoln took place, out in
the hallway, Major Rathbone started feeling light headed. Rathbone then passed
out and was taken back to the Harris home. Clara remained with the first lady
for a while, but later left to attend to her fiancée. At the Harris residence,
Dr. G. W. Pope was called to attend to the wounded Rathbone. Pope recalled
Rathbone being stripped of his clothes and how pale he looked.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Due to the loss of blood, Henry became delirious and
continued talking about the shooting of Abraham Lincoln. The Assassination of
the president was something that haunted Rathbone for the rest of his life.
There were always feelings of guilt since he wasn’t able to stop Booth. As
years went on, Rathbone’s knife wound healed, but his mental health did not. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Weeks after that tragic April night, Clara Harris posed
for Photographer Matthew Brady, who was well known for his photography during
the Civil War. Clara wore the dress she had on the night the president was
assassinated, blood stains still remained on it. Harris later told a friend she
was doing what she could to forget about the shooting and the wounding of Henry
Rathbone, but wasn’t able to.</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">As time passed by, seventeen years to be exact, Henry’s
wounds all healed up, at least on the outside, went to Albany to the office of
his wife’s uncle. Hamilton Harris was the man a younger Henry Rathbone studied
law with and on this day, Henry was on his way back to Europe with his family.
This time was different though, as Harris thought. Henry was ill and when asked
what was wrong, Rathbone simply said it was dyspepsia which is a chronic
ailment of the stomach. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">When Henry was 45 years old, in the fall of 1882 Henry
was constantly plagued by mysterious medical problems. One doctor that treated
him described the attacks as “neuralgia of the head and face” and heart
palpitations and difficulty breathing were also symptoms Henry suffered from.
It was in 1870 that Henry retired from the Army due to his sickness.<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">After Rathbone’s visit to Hamilton Harris’s office,
Rathbone and his family set sail to Germany. After their arrival Henry’s health
continued to fail. He became depressed and some people called him erratic. His
marriage to Clara also suffered more and was tense much of the time. One of the
problems with Henry’s depression was he seemed to be under the impression Clara
was leaving him and taking the kids.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On Christmas Eve in 1883, just before dawn Henry lost all
control, grabbed his revolver and knife and walked to his children’s bedroom.
Clara, who was able to distract Henry, had him follow her into their bedroom
and closed the door. It was there that Henry shot and stabbed Clara until she
died. Henry then turned the knife on himself, but failed the suicide attempt. News
spread fast about the tragic events that took place in Germany. Several people
believed Henry never fully recovered from the events that took place at Ford’s
Theatre in 1865. “The scene always haunted his mind,” Rathbone’s lawyer said.<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dr. Pope said, “He never was thoroughly himself after
that night…I have no hesitation in affirming that the dreaded tragedy, which
preyed upon his nervous and impressionable temperament for many years, laid the
seeds of that homicidal mania.”<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Henry Rathbone was
declared insane and was never allowed to be prosecuted for the crime of murder.
Henry, after recovering from his wounds was sent to live out his days in the
Provincial insane Asylum where he dies on August 14, 1911.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Major Henry Rathbone suffered from Lincoln’s
Assassination for the rest of his life and most are convinced that night in
1865 played a large part in Henry going insane. When John Wilkes Booth entered
the Presidential Box at Ford’s Theatre on April, 14 1865 he not only took the
life of President Lincoln, but also Henry and Clara Rathbone’s. Henry’s life
was a life turned tragic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%;">Bibliography <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Edwards, William C and
Edward Steers Jr. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Lincoln
Assassination: The Evidence</i>. University of Illinois Press Urbana and
Chicago, 2009. P 1080.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Leale, Charles A. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lincoln’s Last Hours</i>, 1909. Reproduction
by Kessinger Legacy Reprints.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ruane, Michael E. (April,
2009) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Tragedy’s Second Act</i>,
Washington Post. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Steers, Edward Jr. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Trial: The Assassination of President
Lincoln and the Trial of the Conspirators</i>. The University Press of
Kentucky, 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Edwards, William C and Edward Steers Jr. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Lincoln Assassination: The Evidence</i>. University of Illinois Press Urbana
and Chicago, 2009. P 1080<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Steers, Edward Jr. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Trial: The
Assassination of President Lincoln and the Trial of the Conspirators</i>. The
University Press of Kentucky, 2003.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ibid <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Leale, Charles A. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lincoln’s Last Hours</i>,
1909. Reproduction by Kessinger Legacy Reprints. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ruane, Michael E. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Tragedy’s Second Act</i>,
Washington Post.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///F:/A%20life%20turned%20tragic.docx" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Calhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13606217989328231764noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2138042210149775034.post-75935704605767597402015-01-20T19:19:00.000-08:002015-01-20T19:19:04.896-08:00 Lincoln’s last visit to Wisconsin<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Originally Published in the July, 2013 edition of the <em>Surratt Courier</em>)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Before
Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States in 1860, he like the
Presidential candidates of today, traveled to different states campaigning. In
October 1859 Lincoln traveled to Janesville, Wisconsin to give a speech against
his presidential rival, Stephen A. Douglas. It was in Wisconsin that Lincoln
would meet a young man by the name of Lucien S. Hanks and Hanks would have a
night he would remember for the rest of his life.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In
1859 Lucien Hanks (1838-1925) was a college student in New York City, but just
happened to be in Janesville at the time of Lincoln’s speech. Hanks was also
the nephew of Mr. and Mrs. Tallman and he would spend time with his aunt and
uncle when time permitted. It just so happened that on his visit in October
1859 he would not only get to see his relatives, but also the future President
of the United States. This would be an event that Hanks would never forget; not
because of who Lincoln would turn out to be, but from the events that took
place that one night Lincoln was at the Tallman’s residence.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sleeping
arrangements that night were tight, and Lincoln and Hanks ended up sharing the
same bed which was common among 19th-century travelers. In 1918 Hanks would
tell his story about the night he shared a bed with the future president to a
reporter from the Madison Democrat.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/Lincoln's%20last%20visit%20to%20WI.docx" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> In this article Hanks
recalls his difficulty getting to sleep as Lincoln “threw elbows and snored
through the night.”<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">After
Abraham Lincoln finished his political speech against Stephen Douglas, he
returned to the Tallman house. Hanks at this time also had just returned home
and was speaking to his aunt when Lincoln arrived. As Lincoln entered the
house, he overheard Mrs. Tallman say to young Lucien that he would have to
sleep down stairs in “the lounge” because there was not “a spare bed, but Mr.
Lincoln’s.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/Lincoln's%20last%20visit%20to%20WI.docx" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Lincoln who felt sorry for Hanks offered to share his bed with him. Lincoln
remarked with a laugh, “He’s not a very big fellow and won’t take up much room.
Let him sleep with me. I think we will get along famously; don’t you?”<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanks, who recalled being
confused on what to think, stood there for several moments not saying anything.
As young Lucien looked up he observed his uncle in the other room, Lincoln at
this time was not able to see Mr. Tallman, nodding his head “yes” so as not to
insult Mr. Lincoln. When Hanks agreed, Lincoln excused himself and went upstairs
to his room. Shortly after Lincoln’s departure to bed, Hanks soon followed.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">When Lucien Hanks arrived upstairs in the bedroom,
Lincoln was already in bed and Hanks wasted no time in crawling in beside
Lincoln. Hanks recalled that it wasn’t long before it was obvious that Lincoln
was asleep given the “vocal evidence” that came from Lincoln. Not only was
Lincoln loud with his snoring, but he also shook violently and tossed and
turned constantly. Hanks stated Lincoln would raise his “arms one instant” then
“shift his leg” the next. Poor Hanks just was not going to get any sleep that
night.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/Lincoln's%20last%20visit%20to%20WI.docx" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Finally after sometime of
not sleeping and knowing sleep was not going to come that night, he finally decided
to slowly and quietly go downstairs where he was originally going to sleep. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The next morning while everyone else was up, Lincoln was
the only one missing. Mrs. Tallman, who started to get concerned about Lincoln,
sent Lucien up to check on their guest. Lucien knocked on Lincoln’s bedroom
door and instantly the door flew open. There standing in the room, right in
front of the young Hanks was Lincoln, in his old “blue stockings with white
toes.” Recalling the event, Hanks remembered Lincoln saying, “I haven’t any
boots.” Lincoln went on to say, as Mrs. Tallman arrived upstairs that he didn’t
want to “cast any aspersions, but when I went to bed last night, I certainly
had boots.” Lincoln then stated he would let the issue go if his boots were
returned, but he would be unable to leave without boots.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">As in his normal humorous way, Lincoln asked “what would
the people down home say” if he was to show up without boots? At this time Mrs.
Tallman returned downstairs, then shortly returned back upstairs “with the
missing articles.”<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/Lincoln's%20last%20visit%20to%20WI.docx" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">It was at this time that Lincoln remembered he had set
his boots outside his room so they could be cleaned. However, after the boot
cleaning, Mrs. Tallman forgot to return them back outside Lincoln’s bedroom
door. It was a simple and small mistake, but one that Hanks would recall nearly
sixty years later. Abraham Lincoln would leave Janesville, Wisconsin that same
day and would never return to Wisconsin again.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lucien S. Hanks after graduating college would live in Madison,
Wisconsin where he eventually become president of the Wisconsin State Bank. His
home where Lucien and his wife lived remained standing until it was torn down
in 1966. Lucien Hanks, who had a very memorable and unusual meeting with the
future President remained in Wisconsin until he died in 1925.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/Lincoln's%20last%20visit%20to%20WI.docx" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
The Madison Democrat was a newspaper based out of Madison, Wisconsin<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/Lincoln's%20last%20visit%20to%20WI.docx" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
The Madison Democrat. August 25<sup>th</sup> 1918. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/Lincoln's%20last%20visit%20to%20WI.docx" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Cal/Documents/Lincoln's%20last%20visit%20to%20WI.docx" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Calhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13606217989328231764noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2138042210149775034.post-89226937249383338382015-01-20T09:52:00.000-08:002015-01-20T10:17:32.870-08:00Cold weather duck hunts<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">One of my
favorite months of the year is October. The leaves are turning colors and the
outdoor temperature is dropping to the point where you can wear a sweatshirt or
light jacket and still be comfortable. Plus for those that hunt, the deer and
waterfowl season is in full swing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">While
October is great, the cold of November can result in some of the best duck
hunting around! <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Take for
insistence a week before opening weekend of the Wisconsin nine day gun deer
season. It had been so cold that many of the larger lakes had frozen over and
this was during the migration of mallards was coming down from Canada. This
resulted in those large northern birds resting in smaller bodies of water,
including creeks that normally would have cooled soon after opening day when
the wood ducks leave.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">This made
for some great duck hunting! <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">For those
that don’t have a dog, no need to worry since many creeks are accessible with a
good pair of waders. Warm clothes are a must for this time of year in
Wisconsin, especially since you’re the one climbing in and out of the water. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">While
walking along the winding creek about 100 yards from where I parked the truck,
the quiet chilly morning silence was broken by the sound of flushing wings. I
was able to raise my 12ga, loaded with number 2 shot fast enough to take one
large mallard drake! <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seeing it splash
into the water I went after it. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The water
came waist level, but it was an easy retrieve and after collecting my prize I
worked my way out of the water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the
time I reached dry land, ice had formed where ever water touched my waders. A
good reason why having good gear is so important. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">After
walking some more and spotting several ducks circling about 150 yards in-front
of me, I paused and watched. Seeing them land and after a few seconds of
waiting, I began walking toward them. In the distance there was a small bridge
and from what I could tell, the ducks were on the other side. As I neared the
bridge, I could hear some quacks and further off in the distance came the sound
of gunfire.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Hearing this
sent what looked like eight mallards scrambling into the air and they headed
right at me. I quickly raised my shotgun, took aim and fired twice. I missed the
first shot, but was able to connect on the second. The mallard fell and was
retrieved within seconds. I watched as the others continued to fly and soon
after they seemed to disappear. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Walking
downstream a little farther proved to be nothing more than exercise. I decided
to head back to the truck and with some luck, was hoping to run into more
resting ducks. There were a few pockets where two or three would fly up, but
were well out of range. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Jump
shooting was something I always did every year, but have never hunted in this
area before. So not really knowing what to expect, it was a nice surprise.
After seeing and hearing reports of lakes having “large amounts” of ice on them
and stumbling across this creek was an accident on my part that paid off. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Not many
people in my neck of the woods tend to give jump shooting ducks much credit and
most seem to think you have to hit large rivers or lakes in order to be
productive. Well ducks need water and when the ice forms and there is no place
for ducks to land, what are they going to do? The answer is where ever there is
open water. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">So next time
you are invited to jump shoot creeks for ducks, remember when it gets cold
ducks will flock to where open water can be found. Don’t overlook smaller
creeks thinking they will be “unproductive” because you may just find some
large northern mallards.</span></span>Calhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13606217989328231764noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2138042210149775034.post-4165769912784286682015-01-16T21:42:00.001-08:002015-01-16T21:42:15.535-08:00Elizabeth Stride: Not one of Jacks<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFqAddszMuT2TnPQlVMFQ4xbg1mI8_jEUWtOKqIPtV5ScRKfwZ4dYpZ64TDn1a1OHTteOTCQlU9NWhGQTEH7mCMC69hB8BGXz7LB8s7PjsuO5ApWab8xTha5HWY6TVptMf_9yB5WjHcQ_3/s1600/discovery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFqAddszMuT2TnPQlVMFQ4xbg1mI8_jEUWtOKqIPtV5ScRKfwZ4dYpZ64TDn1a1OHTteOTCQlU9NWhGQTEH7mCMC69hB8BGXz7LB8s7PjsuO5ApWab8xTha5HWY6TVptMf_9yB5WjHcQ_3/s1600/discovery.jpg" height="400" width="295" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The discovery of Elizabeth Stride’s body. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The Pictorial News, 6th October 1888)</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">There are many myths surrounding the infamous Whitechapel murders that it can be over whelming when trying to sort out fact from fiction. Just who was Jack the Ripper? Was he a local mad man? A member of the Royal house? Or possibly an American doctor? </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">These are questions that in reality have never been answered and most probably may never be. The legend of Jack the Ripper and his horrifying events that took place in late 1888 brought national attention to the destitute conditions of London’s East end. Regardless of the attention there are many questions that remain unanswered. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">One question is how many victims can Jack the Ripper truly claim? The original police file, which still exists name eleven victims. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many are easily dismissed by historians as being killed by someone other than Jack the Ripper. There are two victims that stand out as not being the work of the Ripper. They are Mary Kelly and Elizabeth Stride.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">The large volume of primary sources have been over the years accessed and gone through hundreds of times. Not all by serious researchers either. Some of the sources have been twisted to fit ones theory, while others have been completely ignored by some. While most authors on the subject have their own ideas who the ripper was and how many he killed, the problem is, it’s only speculation. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">While the idea presented is not all new, it is the hope of this author to present some of the known facts and well thought out theories about the murder Elizabeth Stride. Was Stride a true victim of Jack the Ripper or was poor Liz a victim of a domestic dispute that went too far?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">It is not my attempt here to write a biography about Elizabeth “Long Liz” Stride, but the goal is to bring attention to the fact that she most likely was not a ripper victim. There are those that will not agree, but with some thought, maybe some people will also see that Long Liz was actually named a victim of the Whitechapel murder simply because of the timeframe when she was murdered. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Elizabeth Stride was killed sometime between 12:45 a.m. to 12:55 a.m. on the morning September 30, 1888. She was to become known as the third victim of Jack the Ripper, but was </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">she? Stride’s body was found in Dutfields Yard, located on Berner Street by Louis Diemschutz as he drove his horse and cart into the yard. Diemschutz’s pony shied away “at some object on the right.”<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Diemschutz bent over and struck a match to see what was blocking his way. It was the body of a female, lying on her left side, her face looking towards the right wall. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">From what Diemschutz could tell, the woman had not been dead long and one would think he just missed the murderer by a matter of minutes. Some authors have even suggested the murder was lurking in the shadows watching until he was able to make good his escape. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">The victim’s throat had been cut. There was no other mutilation to her body. Theory has it, the Ripper was interrupted and was not able to continue on with his grotesquely deeds. Diemschutz then went into the International Workmen’s club to find his wife. He found her on the ground floor along with other members of the club. The other members were then notified of what was found.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">At this time Diemschutz did not know if the woman he found was “drunk or dead.” He then stated, “I then got a candle and went into the yard, where I could see blood before I reached the body.”<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He told the coroner he did not touch the body and then ran off to find the police. When no policeman was found, Diemschutz started shouting “police” in hopes someone would hear him. Along with a man whom Diemschutz met in Grove Street, they returned to where the body lied and it was then discovered that Stride’s throat was cut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">The police arrived shortly after this discovery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Police Constable Henry Lamb and another officer were notified of the murder while they patrolled in Commercial Road. They ran to Berner Street and upon arriving at the scene the two police officers urged the crowd to keep away and asked someone to fetch a doctor. When Dr. Blackwell arrived it was apparent there was no hope for the victim.<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">The police did what they could to not let anyone leave the area until they could be questioned and the place searched. When asked by a juror if anyone could have left the crime scene after the discovery of the body and before the police arrived, Diemschutz answered “oh yes.” One has to see it was possible that Stride’s killer was watching in the shadows while Diemschutz examined the body, then left for help.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Twenty minutes after the police were summoned Dr. Frederick William Blackwell arrived on scene. According to Blackwell, it was 1:16 a.m. Dr. Blackwell described the scene: “the deceased was lying on her left side obliquely across the passage, her face looking towards the right wall. Her legs were drawn up, her feet close against the wall of the right side of the passage. Her head was resting beyond the carriage-wheel rut, the neck lying over the rut. Her feet were three yards from the gateway. Her dress was unfastened at the neck. The neck and chest were quite warm, as were also the legs, and the face was slightly warm.”<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Since the body was still warm it is obvious Diemschutz arrived on the scene within seconds of the murder taking place. Regarding how long Stride had been dead, Dr. Blackwell stated, “from twenty minutes to half an hour” from when he arrived. He also added Stride’s clothes were not yet wet from the rain. This puts Strides murder between 12:46 a.m. and 12:56 a.m. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dr. Blackwell also said Stride’s left arm was extended from the elbow, the hand clutching a packet of cachous. Cachous are breath sweeteners used by prostitutes and smokers. The packet of cachous was found between the thumb and forefinger and were almost hidden. It should also be pointed out that some of the cachous had been spilled into a nearby gutter. This is an indication Stride was pushed or thrown to the ground.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Elizabeth Stride was wearing a scarf on the night she was murdered. The scarf had been pulled tight and turned to the left on her neck. The lower edge of the scarf was frayed, as could be expected if cut by a sharp knife. Her throat was deeply cut and below the angle of the right jaw there was what appeared to be an abrasion on the skin. The windpipe was also severed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">There were also bruises on the victim’s shoulders and chest and this too indicated Stride had been grabbed and forced to the ground. Her throat was most likely cut while on the ground since there was no evidence of any blood splash on the right wall. Dr. Blackwell mentioned Stride had a few small spots of blood on the back of her hand so the chances are probable Stride was on the ground. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Around 4:30 a.m. the body was transported to St George’s Mortuary in Cable Street. Evidence started to emerge shortly after and police started taking statements. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">William Marshall, who was a laborer, had seen a woman whom he later identified as Stride. He claimed he saw her with a stout and decently dressed middle-aged man. The man was 5 feet, 6inches tall and was wearing a black cutaway coat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Marshall claims the man had nothing in his hands and was not wearing any gloves. He wore a cap that made him look like a sailor. The man was observed by Marshall kissing Long Liz and was heard saying “you would say anything but your prayers.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">William Smith, a police officer was sure he saw Stride in Berner Street around 12:30 a.m. Officer Smith said Stride was talking to a man opposite from where the murder occurred. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">The man described by Smith matches that of William Marshall. Officer Smith said the man was “respectable appearance.” However, this man was observed holding a parcel or newspaper. The man was wearing an overcoat and dark trousers. He also had a hard felt deerstalker hat on. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Morris Eagle, a member of the Jewish Club, had returned to Dutfield’s Yard around 12:40 a.m. and there was no body found. This proves Dr. Blackwell was correct when he estimated Stride’s time of death. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Now comes one of the more important witnesses to the Stride killing. This witness was a Hungarian Jew named Israel Schwartz. He stated at 12:45 a.m. he saw a man stop and speak to a woman who was standing in the gateway where the murder was committed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">The man Schwartz saw tried pulling the woman into the street, then turned her around and threw her down.<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Schwartz then crossed to the opposite side of the street. It was there Schwartz observed a second man standing lighting his pipe. At this time, the man who threw the woman down yelled out “Lipski!” The name Lipski was considered an insult by the Jewish community. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Schwartz then began to run away and was followed a short distance by the second man with the <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">pipe. The man did not follow a long distance according to Schwartz. Schwartz could not say if the two men were together, but he gave descriptions for both men. This is a key piece of evidence that indicates Stride’s Killer was not the same man seen by William Marshall or PC Smith. The man seen throwing Stride down was described as “aged about thirty, 5ft.5in.tall, with dark hair and a small brown moustache.”<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The man was wearing a dark jacket and trousers and a black peaked hat. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">The second man had light brown hair and was wearing a dark overcoat and a black hard felt hat. He was also observed with a pipe. Based on this description, one can think the second man with the pipe was the same man seen with Stride earlier in the night. The second man who was seen throwing Stride down is no doubt her killer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Could it be that Stride and the man with the pipe were walking together when someone Stride knew came along? Maybe it was someone Stride knew had a bad temper and instead of seening a fight between the two, she told the better dressed man to walk away. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">While Stride was speaking with the one man, trying to calm him down, the other man stood and watched. While waiting he lite his pipe, which was observed by Schwartz. However, when the fight between Stride and her attacker became physical, Stride’s friend, along with Schwartz, ran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Just who was the angry man attacking Stride? Why did the better dressed man with the pipe run instead of helping? Maybe it is because the man was married or was a member of higher society and did not want to become involved with a matter that would involve the police?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">From the evidence available, it seems likely Stride was not killed by Jack the Ripper; rather she was a victim of domestic violence by her former companion, Michael Kidney. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">It has been suggested by more than one author that Kidney was Stride’s killer. No, Kidney was not Jack the Ripper, but there is a chance he was a murder. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">The evidence surrounding Stride’s murder can be confusing when read. However, when finished reading the inquest testimony, one cannot help but think it was a domestic attack. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">On the Tuesday before Stride’s murder, she left Kidney and it is said he was a brutal man, a heavy drinker and laborer who was known to have assaulted Stride. He claimed the last time he had seen Stride was September 25, when she left him. Kidney claimed at the inquest he expected to find her at home when he returned from work that night. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">However, Catherine Lane, who gave testimony at Stride’s inquest countered Kidney’s claim when she said Elizabeth Stride told her she in fact left Kidney after a fight. Kidney of course denied this, but it is obvious the two had their share of problems. He admitted that out of the years they have been living together, she had actually lived away from him for around five months.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Michael Kidney, a drunk with a violent streak had been jailed for his abuse in July 1888. He had also been in trouble before that for the same type of incident. In 1887 Stride went as far as having him arrested, however she failed to show up for court and the charges against him were dropped. One can assume Stride feared what Kidney would do to her after he got out of jail had she testified. Out of fear, she went back to him and the abuse continued.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">Michael Kidney may have been angry with Stride on the night she was killed. He may have come home, found she was not there and went out looking for her. Kidney may have been drinking by the time he came across Stride with the other man and in an angry violent rage, murdered Elizabeth Stride.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">One indication of the possibility Stride knew her attacker was the fact she never dropped the cachous she held in her hand. Dr. Blackwell stated he found a packet of them, “between the thumb and forefinger.” He also pointed out some had been spilled into a nearby gutter. It can be assumed if the attacker was not known, Stride would have wanted both hands free to defend herself with. This was not the case though. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">The most incriminating part of the puzzle against Kidney was on the morning of the murder, he went to the Leman Street Police Station drunk. He was ranting about Stride’s death and how incapable the police were in finding the killer. The problem Kidney faces here is how did he know it was Stride who had been killed? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">According to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Times</i> of Tuesday, October 2, 1888 Elizabeth Stride had not yet been identified. The Coroner, Wynne E. Baxter asked during the inquest, “is the body identified yet?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inspector Edmond Reid answered, “Not yet.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Times</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"> on the same day also reported the inquest testimony of Mrs. Mary Malcolm. She states “I have seen the body of my sister, Elizabeth Watts.”<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The Coroner then asked, “You have no doubt about that?” Mrs. Malcolm answered, “Not the slightest.”<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">While Mrs. Malcolm was wrong in her identification, the fact remains that Stride was not known to the world as anything but Elizabeth Watts. Stride in fact was not even identified correctly until a few days later. There is no physical evidence linking Kidney to the murder of Stride, there is some strong coincidences that cannot be ignored.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt;">It’s clear that Elizabeth Stride was not a victim of Jack the Ripper, but a casualty of domestic violence which was so common in the East end. Michael Kidney was not the Ripper and he was not responsible for any more of the Whitechapel Murders but he is guilty of at least one murder on September, 30 1888. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Daily Telegraph</i> (October 2, 1888).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Evans, Stewart P. and Keith Skinner. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Companion</i>, New York, Carroll & Graf, 2000.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Daily Telegraph </i>(October 3, 1888).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Evans, Stewart P. and Keith Skinner. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Companion.</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Evans, Stewart P. and Keith Skinner. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Companion.</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/Liz%20Stride.docx" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> ibid<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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